Discourse Analysis
Mini Research
Informal Greeting Serawai Language
Compiled By:
ERLIN MARFIANSYA
0821110032
CLASS: V-D
LECTURER:
Epi Wadison, S.Pd
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ART
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH BENGKULU
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
When meeting someone you haven’t seen for a long time or someone you have never met before, it may just be awkward, may even feel embarrassed. But if you learn the correct phrases to say, you won’t feel embarrassed and or awkward. It’s important that you feel confident when speaking about yourself. [Formal Greeting]. The most used word in a greeting is, “Hi”. There is also “hello, Hey, Yo and G`day”. Try using as much intonation on these words as you can. Ok now it’s time for some small talk, bringing small sentence structures into play, such as… “How are you? How’s it going? How’ve you been”? Make sure that you try using as much intonation as possible when speaking. Now you can ask in a friendly way “What’s new? What’s up? What’s happening? How have you been”? Again try all different types of intonation. [Formal Greeting]. Formal greetings aren't just for job interviews they can be for socializing in a workplace or can even be used to pride one. In a formal greeting it’s important you have the listener’s attention. The most common used greetings are, “Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening”. After saying hello it’s important that the listener knows who’s he or she speaking to, so you could say, “I’m John”, remembering to use intonation, also following with your name state why you have attended the function or interview, “I’m here for the position as a Director, I’m here with my wife, I’m here because I won’t the science fair”. You can see that every sentence in a formal greeting when stating why you are attending wherever you are has, “I’m here”, at the beginning. The reason for this is because with a formal greeting you want to sate in who you are, and your reasons why you are there, in the shortest amount of words as possible, though saying that, make sure that it’s not too short the listener doesn’t understand you. Always make sure you talk with a positive intonation tones when speaking, try not to use many mono tones, raise the intonations on the vowels, this will help. So, just looking over the differences between an informal and formal greeting. [Informal]. “Hi, Hello, Hey, Yo and G`day”. [Formal]. “Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening”. [Informal]. “How are you? How’s it going? How’ve you been”? [Formal]. “I’m John, *How are you”? *When speaking with formal greetings, it’s a good idea to say, “How are you”? This will help the listener to feel comfortable and also gives the impression your directly talking to him or her. It’s important you have the listener’s attention. With all this in mind remember that intonation is a very important key when greeting someone. Try using upward intonations on the vowels, for an example, “Hi”, raise the I, if you lower the i, it can be classified as being rude. No listener will want to listen to a rude person, “would you”?
Based on explanation above the researcher interested to analyze informal greeting in Serawai language
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How informal greeting in serawai language?
2. How they say informal greeting, (to their peers and to older people)
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate about informal greeting and to know how informal greeting in serawai people.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
To know how informal greeting in serawai language
To know how serawai people say informal greeting to their peers and to older people, older people to older people too
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This section is concerned with giving brief accounts and explanations on related theories; They are:
2.1 Greeting
Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture-and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.
Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation. Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king. Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.
Based on oxford dictionary
greet•ing / ˈgrēting/ • n. a polite word or sign of welcome or recognition: Mandy shouted a greeting. ∎ the action of giving such a sign: she raised her hand in greeting. ∎ (usu. greetings) a formal expression of goodwill, said on meeting or in a written message: warm greetings to you all.
Extensive Definition of greeting
Greeting is a way for human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) to intentionally communicate awareness of each other's presence, to show attention to, and/or to affirm or suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. As with many forms of communication, greeting habits are highly culture-and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship; the [phenomenon] as such exists in all known human cultures, though. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures. Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.
2.2 Informal
According to thesaurus dictionary
Informal [ɪnˈfɔːməl]
adj
1. Not of a formal, official, or stiffly conventional nature an informal luncheon
2. Appropriate to everyday life or use informal clothes
3. (Linguistics / Grammar) denoting or characterized by idiom, vocabulary, etc., appropriate to everyday conversational language rather than to formal written language
4. (Linguistics / Grammar) denoting a second-person pronoun in some languages used when the addressee is regarded as a friend or social inferior In French the pronoun ``tu'' is informal, while ``vous'' is formal
2.3 Serawai Language
Serawai Language is Language that used by some societies in district region of South Bengkulu, Bengkulu province. There are many interested word when serawai people communicate each other surely with their own dialect.
In Serawai Language there are two kinds of dialect, that is “o” and “au” dialect. Dialect “o” mean that words which generally have suffix “o”, like in dimano, in Indonesian is dimana. Or “where” English. And siapo “siapa” it’s mean “Who”. “O” dialect is used by seluma and talo district. “Au” dialect means that words which generally have suffix “au”. Like “dimanau” dimana it’s mean where, “tuapau” apa or what in English and “siapau” siapa (who)
Serawai language “o” start from Andelas clan (Seluma district) until semindang clan (talo District). So administratively, Serawai language that checked start from Pekan Sabtu village (andalas clan), it’s about 13 km from Bengkulu city south toward until Pekan maras village (semindang Alas clan) it’s about 119 km from Bengkulu city. Pekan maras village is frontier Serawai language with dialect “o” to serawai language with dialect “Au”. There are mixes between those dialects. A part of society use “o” dialect and others useh “au” dialect.
CHAPTER III
This chapter attempt to give discussion on method employed in this research. The discussion includes method of the research, subject of the research, data collecting technique, and data analyzing technique.
3.1 METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
The method of this research used descriptive qualitative research. According to Maxwell (1996: 17), qualitative research is the research that focuses on specific situation or people, and it emphasize on words rather than number and this research got sentences data such as oral and written from people or subject.
Thereby descriptive method is method which conversing some possibility to solve actual problem with transcription the data, to code the data, identifying, and making conclusion.
3.2 SUBJECT OF THE RESEARCH
The subject of the research is utterances in serawail language which gotten from some serawai society in Lubuk Lintang Village. The subjects are: Rollyan, Defri pratama, Rintomi, Endang, Mezi, Roze, Ike aprianti, Dawanto, Among, Aprianto, Brama katra, Riko pramono.
3.3 DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUE
In collecting the data, the researcher did direct observation to the subject of the research on Sunday, 10 January 2010.
3.4 DATA ANALYZING TECHNIQUE
In This Research, The Researcher Analyzed the Data by Describing and interpreting the data by using Burns and Joyce (1997) theory about discourse structure in conversation. Burns and Joyce divided conversation into three main stages:
Opening stages: Beginnings (salutation and greeting such as hello, how are you).
Initiating exchanges that establish social relation (formulaic expression such as how are things, what have you been, up to since I last saw you?).
Middle stages : Development of a range of topic using conversational strategies for turn taking, turn allocation, and keeping a turn, adjacency pairs, preferred and dispreferred responses, ways of giving feedback, changing a topic, asking or clarification, correcting what we said, etc.
Closing stages: Pre-closing exchanges signally the ending of the conversations (e.g. discourse marker and formulaic expressions such as “anyway, well, I’d better be of, thanks for calling, falling intonation)” closing e.g. formulaic expressions such as “bye n see you”
Based on that theory above here the researcher more focus to the opening stages and analyze how people say greeting.
CHAPTER IV
4.1 FINDING
This is informal greeting which usually use by older people, they usually say greeting each other a while shake hand.
• Greeting: "oi sanak, dio kabar kini? “
“Hi, how are you?”
Alhamdulillah sehat-sehat bae, kaba lakmano kabar kini, dio ceritoyo??
“I am fine, and how about you?
Aku masiala sehat-sehat bae, Ai pedio cerito masih lak slamoni la.
“I am fine too, thank you. As like as you knew about me in the past time”.
“ Ui, pedio gaweh embak kini sanak?
“Hello, what is your busyness until to day?”
Ai nido dedio,cuman ngenggakhut dikit ne la”
. “Oh, there is no nothing, just do this”
Serawai, Word pedio and dio in greeting isn’t has different. They can be used with suitable fairy word. They can substitute each other. Example “ Ui,pedio lukak kaba embak kini?” Ui, dio lukak kaba embak kini?” One of greeting form Serawai is Ui. It has the same meaning with hi or hello.
“Waai la lamo nian kito nd betemu pak sera“
“hi Long time we didn’t meet each other”
Word “waai” here means same with “ooh”, “hi” or any kind greetings in English language. You can put it in first or as opening in conversation.
“Ckck tambah necis bae kini sanak”
“Wow, you look so different”
Ckckck here also as greeting, serawai people usually use it when they feel surprise and could hardy believe their eyes.
“Sehat bae??”
“good health”
“Awu, dio gawe kini?”
“Yes I’m, thank you, so what are you doing now?”
Serawai people also use “good health” or “sehat bae” as a greeting, it intent to make sure thatt everything is okay. And old Serawai people often use that word as informal greetingm, you can find it easily in their daily life.
These are example that usually use by teen n adult to their peers..
Woi co dio lukak??
“Hi buddy, how are you doing??”
“Ndak kemano ble??”
“Where are you going to?”
Sometime serawai people just said “Kemano” to ask where are you going to?? But it just said when they have known well each other.
Ex
“Kemano??”
“Where to?”
“Ado kerjoan dikit?”
“There is a job.”
“Dio Kabar” and “Sehat Bae” also kind of greeting which usually use when two people who have known each other and they have long time no met each other.
“Dio kabar kaba John??”
“Hi, how are you john?”
“Sehat bae bro?”
“Are you okay dude?”
Sometime they just said “Sehat” as greeting while nodding their head.
And these are several examples that usually use by teen or so to the old people. Usually they bent down their body or at least they will nod their head while saying greeting.
“Pak…” (Nod their head) this is to show your respect to old people
Hi sir…
“Kemano pak?”
“Where are you sir?”
And others greeting are not so different from greetings before such as “Dio Kabar Pak?”, “Sehat pak”? But it has little bit differentiation in way we pronounce it, or how our gesture. To say greeting to older people usually younger people will pronounce the word or sentence softly, added by their gesture (commonly will nod their head at least)
4.2 Conclusions
Serawai Language is Language that used by some societies in district region of South Bengkulu, Bengkulu province. There are many interested word when Serawai people say greeting each other. They have their own way to say greeting, and have differentiations in greetings between old people to old people, teen to teen, and teens to older. Older people usually use: "oi sanak, dio kabar kini? “They just say without any gesture. But teens usually using any kind of gesture when they are saying greeting to older people (with nod their head or bent down their body).
REFERENCES
Bach, K. (1994) 'Conversational implicate', Mind & Language 9: 124-62. (Identifies the middle ground between explicit utterances and Grecian imprimaturs.)
Burns and Joyce (1997) theory about discourse structure in conversation
Ian Sago (1999) opening conversation (greeting) 5: 23-27 (informal greeting.)
Mark, J. L. (1962) Greeting Informal, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Develops the distinction between Performative utterances into the first systematic account of speech acts.)
Searle, J. (1969) the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. (Presents a theory of speech acts relying on the notion of constitutive rules.)
Straw son, P. F. (1964) 'Intention and convention in speech acts', Philosophical Review 73: 439-60. (Applies Grice's account of meaning to support the claim that most speech acts are communicative rather than conventional, as Austin had suggested.)
Zukers, S. L., ed. (1994) Philosophical and Linguistic Perspectives, London: Rutledge. (Collection of original essays on outstanding problems in the field, with useful bibliography.)
