SOCIOLINGUISTIC
Mini Research
Speech Acts In Serawai
Compiled By:
ERLIN MARFIANSYA
0821110032
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ART
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH BENGKULU
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Serawai Language is Ianguage that used by some societies in district region of South Bengkulu, Bengkulu province. There are many interested word when serawai people communicate each other surely with their own dialect.
South Bengkulu compose from 2 regency area, that are:
1. District Seluma
2. District south bengkulu.
Serawai language with “o” dialect used in seluma regency, which has 14 districts:
1. Sub district city of Seluma
2. Sub district south of Seluma
3. Sub district west of Seluma
4. Sub district east of Seluma.
5. Sub district north of Seluma
6. Sub district Sukaraja
7. Sub district Air Periukan
8. Sub district Lubuk Sandi
9. Sub district Talo
10. Sub district Talo Ilir
11. Sub district Talo Ulu
12. Sub district Talo Kecil
13. Sub district Semidang Alas
14. Sub district Semidang Alas Maras
Fourteen district regions above compose from six teen clans and seven clans used serawai language with “o” dialect, such as:
1. Andelas clan
2. Air Perikan clan
3. Ngalam clan
4. Seluma clan
5. Ulu Talo clan
6. Ilir Talo clan
7. Semindang Alas clan
And others, there are eight clans anymore that used serawai language, but they have differentiation in dialect, they used “au” dialect, which are:
8. Ulu Manna Ulu clan
9. Ulu Manna Ilir clan
10. Tanjung Raya clan
11. Anak Gumay clan
12. Pasar Manna clan
13. Tujuh Pancuran clan
14. Anak Lubuk Sirih clan
15. Anak Dusun Tinggi clan
16. Kedurang clan
From six teen (16) clan above only Kedurang Clan that didn’t used serawai language. They used pasemah language.
In Serawai Language there are two kinds of dialect, that is “o” and “au” dialect. Dialect “o” mean that words which generally have suffix “o”, like in dimano, in Indonesian is dimana. Or “where” English. And siapo “siapa” it’s mean “Who”. “O” dialect is used by seluma and talo district.
“Au” dialect means that words which generally have suffix “au”. Like “dimanau” dimana it’s mean where, “tuapau” apa or what in English and “siapau” siapa (who)
Serawai language “o” start from Andelas clan (Seluma district) until semindang clan (talo District). So administratively, Serawai language that checked start from Pekan Sabtu village (andalas clan), it’s about 13 km from Bengkulu city south toward until Pekan maras village (semindang Alas clan) it’s about 119 km from Bengkulu city. Pekan maras village is frontier Serawai language with dialect “o” to serawai language with dialect “Au”. There are mixes between those dialects. A part of society use “o” dialect and others useh “au” dialect.
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How speeches act in serawai language?
2. Speech act in serawai language according to Austin Searle and Grice theory
3. How they say greeting, asking for request, Giving suggestion, complaint, and offering invitations.
4. Is there any type of speech act?
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to know type of speech act and to know how speech acts in serawai people.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
• The Method of Research
The method used in this research was descriptive method. The researcher used this method to describe how speech acts in serawai.
• Sample
One of Serawai people in Seluma.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Austin there are 3 things happen when we do speech act, it was lucotionary, illocutionary and perlcotionary. Where lucotionary refers to the utterance (what the speaker have said), lucotionary refers to the intended meaning (what the speaker wanted behind his word) and perlucotionary is effect (when the in interlocutor understand what the speaker intent and she/he do an action)
According to John R. Searle, speech act is a technical term in linguistics and the philosophy of language. In my understanding from some proposals that I have been reading speech act is someone’s action in sending information in oral form.
Must reckon with the fact that the relationship between the words being used and the force of their utterance is often oblique. For example, the sentence 'This is a pig sty' might be used no literally to state that a certain room is messy and filthy and, further, to demand indirectly that it be straightened out and cleaned up. Even when this sentence is used literally and directly, say to describe a certain area of a barnyard, the content of its utterance is not fully determined by its linguistic meaning--in particular, the meaning of the word 'this' does not determine which area is being referred to. A major task for the theory of speech acts is to account for how speakers can succeed in what they do despite the various ways in which linguistic meaning underdetermines Making a statement may be the paradigmatic use of language, but there are all sorts of other things we can do with words. We can make requests, ask questions, give orders, make promises, give thanks, offer apologies, and so on. Moreover, almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience.
The theory of speech acts is partly taxonomic and partly explanatory. It must systematically classify types of speech acts and the ways in which they can succeed or fail. It use.
In general, speech acts are acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses regret. As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker's intention, the attitude being expressed.
Some speech acts, however, are not primarily acts of communication and have the function not of communicating but of affecting institutional states of affairs. They can do so in either of two ways. Some officially judge something to be the case, and others actually make something the case. Statements, requests, promises and apologies are examples of the four major categories of communicative illocutionary acts: constitutes, directives, COM missives and acknowledgments. This is the nomenclature used by Kent Bach and Michael Harnish, who develop a detailed taxonomy in which each type of illocutionary act is individuated by the type of attitude expressed (in some cases there are constraints on the content as well). There is no generally accepted terminology here, and Bach and Harnish borrow the terms 'constative' and 'commissive' from Austin and 'directive' from Searle. They adopt the term 'acknowledgment', over Austin's 'behabitive' and Searle's 'expressive', for apologies, greetings, congratulations etc., which express an attitude regarding the hearer that is occasioned by some event that is thereby being acknowledged, often in satisfaction of a social expectation. Here are assorted examples of each type:
Constatives: affirming, alleging, announcing, answering, attributing, claiming, classifying, concurring, confirming, conjecturing, denying, disagreeing, disclosing, disputing, identifying, informing, insisting, predicting, ranking, reporting, stating, stipulating
Directives: advising, admonishing, asking, begging, dismissing, excusing, forbidding, instructing, ordering, permitting, requesting, requiring, suggesting, urging, warning
Commissives: agreeing, guaranteeing, inviting, offering, promising, swearing, volunteering
Acknowledgments: apologizing, condoling, congratulating, greeting, thanking, accepting (acknowledging an acknowledgment).
Type of Speech Act
Speech act is divided into two type, Direct speech act and indirect speech act. Direct speech act is sending an information process that has meaning directly. Direct speech act usually formed of command or request. Examples: Close the door please! , Take it to me right now! Both sentences have meaning clearly. The speaker asks the listener to obey the speaker’s command. There are some examples direct speech act In Serawai, Ambika dikit aku spidol (take me a board marker), Matika dikit lampu! (Tun of the lamp!), Pacaknido kaba ke sini jerang! (Over here, please!)
Indirect speech act is sending information to the listener which the meaning isn’t delivered directly. The listener has to understand the other meaning of a word. There are some examples indirect speech act In Serawai, Some of them are: Ai panas nian po akhini! (The day is very hot, isn’t it?) The meaning of this sentence is telling us that the speaker really thirsty, he or she orders the listener to bring him or her drinking water directly. Dingin nian awu yang! Kaba kedinginan nido? (The weather is very cool, isn’t it? Do you fell cold?) From that statement we can get the information that the speaker may be need a hug from his girl.
Has indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests. For example, a speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and another replies, "I have class." The second speaker used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the literal meaning of "I have class" does not entail any sort of rejection.
This poses a problem for linguists because it is confusing (on a rather simple approach) to see how the person who made the proposal can understand that his proposal was rejected. Following substantially an account of H. P. Grice, Searle suggests that we are able to derive meaning out of indirect speech acts by means of a cooperative process out of which we are able to derive multiple illocutions; however, the process he proposes does not seem to accurately solve the problem. Sociolinguistics has studied the social dimensions of conversations. This discipline considers the various contexts in which speech acts occur.
Searle has introduced the notion of an 'indirect speech act', which in his account is meant to be, more particularly, an indirect 'illocutionary' act. Applying a conception of such illocutionary acts according to which they are (roughly) acts of saying something with the intention of communicating with an audience, he describes indirect speech acts as follows: "In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information, both linguistic and nonlinguistic, together with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer." An account of such act, it follows, will require such things as an analysis of mutually shared background information about the conversation, as well as of rationality and linguistic conventions.
Austin was by no means the first one to deal with what one could call "speech acts" in a wider sense. Earlier treatments may be found in the works of some church fathers [citation needed] and scholastic philosophers [citation needed], in the context of sacramental theology [citation needed], as well as Thomas Reid [1], and C. S. Peirce [2].
Adolf Reinach (1883–1917) has been credited with a fairly comprehensive account of social acts as per formative utterances dating to 1913, long before Austin and Searle. His work had little influence, however, perhaps due to his untimely death at 33 (having immediately enlisted in the German Army at the onset of war in 1914).
Searle distinguishes between illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts. An interesting type of illocutionary speech act is that performed in the utterance of what Austin calls per formatives, typical instances of which are "I nominate John to be President", "I sentence you to ten years' imprisonment", or "I promise to pay you back." In these typical, rather explicit cases of per formative sentences, the action that the sentence describes (nominating, sentencing, promising) is performed by the utterance of the sentence itself
CHAPTER III
FINDING
There are some forms of speech act in Serawai, they are:
• Greeting: "oi sanak, dio kabar kini? “
“Hi,buddy how are you?”
Alhamdulillah sehat-sehat bae, kaba lakmano kabar kini, dio ceritoyo??
“I am fine, and how about you?
Aku masiala sehat-sehat bae, Ai pedio cerito masih lak slamoni la.
“I am fine too, thank you. As like as you knew about me in the past time”.
“ Ui, pedio gaweh embak kini sanak?
“Hello, what is your busyness until to day?”
Ai nido dedio,cuman ngenggakhut dikit ne la
. “Oh, there is no nothing, just do this”
Serawai, Word pedio and dio in greeting isn’t has different. They can be used with suitable fairy word. They can substitute each other. Example “ Ui,pedio lukak kaba embak kini?” Ui, dio lukak kaba embak kini?” One of greeting form Serawai is Ui. It has the same meaning with hi or hello.
• Request: "Dek, tolong ambika dikit aku pensil! "
“Brother, take me one pencil, please!’
“Awu, ini na kak”.
“Ok, here you are”.
“Bos, pacak nido aku mintak tolong dikit, aku endak minjam buku kaba saghini, tulung nian bos”
“Could I borrow your book for today??”
“Awu, pakaila tapi tolong jangan diasalka, pakaila iluak-iluak yo”
“Of course, save it for me”
There are some words in Serawai that are usually used in request, they are Tolong (please), pacak nido (Could you/ Can you) Boleh nido (Would you like)
• Suggestions: “ La ku kiciakka tadi, kaba nido jugo ndak ndenghar”
“I suggest that, but you didn’t hear me”
“Ai, ngapo nido kito matika bae kompor tu sbelum pegi ne?”
“Why don’t we turn off the stove before we go out?”
“Lak mano kalu kito pegi mincing bae saghi ne? pasti seru nian tu.”
“How about we go fishing today? I think it will be great.”
“Kalu padekla pamit kudai dengan gaek sebelum pegi tu a”
“Will be better if you ask permission to your parents before you go.”
Lak mano or how if in English that is one way in offering suggestions in serawai language, we can also use (kalu padekla) and (ngapo nido kito…)
• Complaint: "Ui, jangan luk itu! “
Please, don’t do like that!
“Mangko Luak mano pulo kaba ni? “
“So, what are you doing with this?”
“Iyak jangan luak iu nian kaba ble”
“What the fuck are you doing?
“Wai alangka nakal kaba ni”
“Come on, don’t be stupid boy!”
“Ui”, sometime has meaning please, Ui has the meaning base on with whom it is paired.
• Invitation: "Ndan, pacak nido kaba malamni ngawani aku ngerayau betemu dengan mete aku? “
Friend, could you accompanies me to night to meet my girl?”
“Lasung, aku masiala berencano ndak ngerayau”
“Ok, I also will go there”
“Co, kito main playstation be malam ni mila, ndak nido?”
“Would you like playing game with me tonight?”
“mela co, ku nido pulo ado gawe malam ni?”
“Let’s do it, I’m free tonight”.
Ndan or co (kanco) has same meaning with buddy or friend. Some words in invitation in Serawai, Some of them are ndak nido (Could you) Pacak nido (Can you). It can put in the first or in the last of sentences.
• Refusal: "Ding,malamni aku banyak nian gaweh, pacak nido kaba nulung aku mbuatka
aku tugas pengantar ilmu penidikan, tulung awu ding! “
Sister, tonight I will so busy, could you like to help me to make me this home activity?”
“ Enduak lumano situ dang,aku jugola lagi banyak tugas, maaf nian awu dang”.
“I am so sorry brother, I also have many home work,”
The underline sentence is refusal form, some refusal words in Serawai, They are Enduak lukmano situ (I am so sorry), Yak nido pacak luk itu (Sorry, I can’t do it) etc.
Speech act in serawai base on Austin theory
There is a man who is doing his homework and their friend just disturbing him.
The man : “Wei alangkah padek kerjo kaba ni…! “(sambil ngerilat) lucotionary
“What the hell are you doing!!!?” (Look angrily)
Friend : (he understand what the speaker intent) Illucotionary
Friend : (he stop disturbing) Perlucotionary
Other finding
There is a couple on his room.
Husband: “Alangkah dingin o ne yank”
“What a cold night dear”
Wife : (Bini o nyenghigh)
(She is smiling to her husband)
Wife : (memeluk suaminya)
(She gives hug to her husband)
CHAPTER IV
IV.1 CONCLUSION
Speech acts is partly taxonomic and partly explanatory. It must systematically classify types of speech acts and the ways in which they can succeed or fail. It must reckon with the fact that the relationship between the words being used and the force of their utterance is often oblique. For example, the sentence 'This is a pig sty' might be used nonliterally to state that a certain room is messy and filthy and, further, to demand indirectly that it be straightened out and cleaned up. Even when this sentence is used literally and directly, say to describe a certain area of a barnyard, the content of its utterance is not fully determined by its linguistic meaning--in particular, the meaning of the word 'this' does not determine which area is being referred to. A major task for the theory of speech acts is to account for how speakers can succeed in what they do despite the various ways in which linguistic meaning underdetermines use.
Some speech acts, however, are not primarily acts of communication and have the function not of communicating but of affecting institutional states of affairs. They can do so in either of two ways. Some officially judge something to be the case, and others actually make something the case. Those of the first kind include judges' rulings, referees' calls and assessors' appraisals, and the latter include include sentencing, bequeathing and appointing. Acts of both kinds can be performed only in certain ways under certain circumstances by those in certain institutional or social positions.
Serawai Language is Ianguage that used by some societies in district region of South Bengkulu, Bengkulu province. There are many interested word when serawai people communicate each other surely with their own dialect. Fourteen district regions above compose from six teen clans and seven clans used serawai language with “o” dialect, and the others ised serawai language with “au” dialect. Serawai language with “o” dialect used in seluma regency, which has 14 districts.
REFERENCES
Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things with Words, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Develops the distinction between performative and constative utterances into the first systematic account of speech acts.)
Bach, K. (1994) 'Conversational impliciture', Mind & Language 9: 124-62. (Identifies the middle ground between explicit utterances and Gricean implicatures.)
Bach, K. and R. M. Harnish (1979), Linguistic Commuication and Speech Acts, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (Combines elements of Austin's taxonomy and Grice's theory of conversation into a systematic account of the roles of the speaker's communicative intention and the hearer's inference in literal, nonliteral and indirect uses of sentences to perform speech acts.)
Grice, H. P. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (The essays on meaning and conversational implicature provide a framework for distinguishing speaker meaning from linguistic meaning and for explaining their relationship.)
Searle, J. (1969) Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. (Presents a theory of speech acts relying on the notion of constitutive rules.)
Strawson, P. F. (1964) 'Intention and convention in speech acts', Philosophical Review 73: 439-60. (Applies Grice's account of meaning to support the claim that most speech acts are communicative rather than conventional, as Austin had suggested.)
Tsohatzidis, S. L., ed. (1994) Foundations of Speech Act Theory: Philosophical and Linguistic Perspectives, London: Routledge. (Collection of original essays on outstanding problems in the field, with useful bibliography.)
